Anesthesia — Anaesthesiological Involvement in Postoperative Pain Treatment
Citation(s)
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Breivik H, Norum HM [Regional analgesia--risks and benefits]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2010 Feb 25;130(4):392-7. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.08.0220. Review. Norwegian.
Duncan F Prospective observational study of postoperative epidural analgesia for major abdominal surgery. J Clin Nurs. 2011 Jul;20(13-14):1870-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03752.x. Epub 2011 May 25.
Golster M Seven years of patient-controlled epidural analgesia in a Swedish hospital: a prospective survey. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2014 Nov;31(11):589-96. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000105.
Nielsen PR, Christensen PA, Meyhoff CS, Werner MU Post-operative pain treatment in Denmark from 2000 to 2009: a nationwide sequential survey on organizational aspects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Jul;56(6):686-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02662.x. Epub 2012 Mar 5.
Rawal N Current issues in postoperative pain management. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016 Mar;33(3):160-71. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000366. Review.
Rawal N Epidural technique for postoperative pain: gold standard no more? Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012 May-Jun;37(3):310-7. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e31825735c6. Review.
White PF, Kehlet H Improving postoperative pain management: what are the unresolved issues? Anesthesiology. 2010 Jan;112(1):220-5. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c6316e. Review.
Anaesthesiological Involvement in Postoperative Pain Treatment - A Questionnaire Survey at Danish Hospitals
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
