Anesthesia; Functional Clinical Trial
Official title:
Comparing the Dynamics of Changes in Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation With Arterial Oxygen Partial Pressure With Two Techniques of Preoxygenation in Healthy Adults
Preoxygenation techniques is currently considered a standard of care, but how they influence cerebral oxygenation remains largely unknown. In this study, the investigators compare three minutes tidal volume breathing versus eight vital capacity, deep breaths (8DB) technique. Forty-eight patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were included in a randomized study design. The main endpoints were arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2 ; INVOS TM -5100- C) which were measured at baseline (T1), end of pre-oxygenation (T2) and after desaturation during apnoea to 95% (T3).
Hypoxemia secondary to the inability to secure the airway remains the main cause of
anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. Preoxygenation with 100% oxygen before induction
of anesthesia is currently considered a standard of care and practiced routinely for all
patients, and especially carefully for high-risk cases. It is an essential component of the
rapid sequence induction technique.
Common pre-oxygenation techniques include the 3 min tidal volume breathing (3TV) and the
eight vital capacity, deep breaths (8DB). Their efficiency has been extensively assessed by
measuring the rate of decline of SaO2 during apnea after induction/paralysis, with 'time to
desaturation (to 95% or 90%) being the endpoint of many studies. This is arguably a surrogate
endpoint for oxygen stores and Pandit et al. estimated the total amount of oxygen taken up by
the body in these techniques using breath-by-breath gas analysis. An even more relevant
measure is the impact of preoxygenation on tissue stores of oxygen, but this is difficult to
quantify. Especially, given its vulnerability to hypoxemia due to its high energy
requirements compared to the low energy reserves, the brain is particularly susceptible.
Cerebral oximetry is a noninvasive monitoring technique that uses near-infrared spectroscopy
(NIRS) to measure regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2). Continuous rScO2 monitoring
has shown to be useful in detecting mismatch of oxygen supply and demand in the brain and
assessing cerebral autoregulation in real-time. This offers a means to measure tissue
oxygenation in a relevant organ with pre-oxygenation.
The primary aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that different
pre-oxygenation techniques result in different degrees of cerebral oxygenation as measured by
rScO2 with the INVOSTM-5100-C. The investigators wished to compare the 3TV method with the
8DB method, as being the two methods that produced the highest increases in body oxygen
stores in previous experiments; the null hypothesis that these would yield similar degrees of
brain oxygenation. The investigators also wished to assess whether, regardless of the
preoxygenation technique, there were differences between arterial PO2 and rScO2 dynamics with
preoxygenation and subsequent apnoea.
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