Preoperative Immature Granulocyte Count and Percentage for Acute Appendisitis

Acute Appendicitis Clinical Trial

Official title:

Preoperative Immature Granulocyte Count and Percentage for Complicated and Uncomplicated Appendisitis

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04440150
• Other study ID #: 180
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: June 1, 2018
• Est. completion date: June 1, 2019

Study information

• Verified date: October 2023
• Source: Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Appendectomy is the most effective treatment option for acute appendisitis, which is the most commen emergent surgical pathology. However with in time period, surgical treatment borders are narrowed. Especially in uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases, nonoperative management (NOM) with antibiotherapies becomes primary treatment option. The COVID-19 pandemic, which is caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and we encountered in the current process, has led to the re-questioning of surgical elective and emergency cases. Serious complications and increased mortality rates of the 2019-nCoV creates a novel problems of patient selection for emergent surgery and health care workers faced with potential health problems. As the same as the other surgical procedures, in the uncomplicated acute appendisitis cases NOM become more mandantory. NOM of uncomplicated acute appendisitis doen't increase perforation risk and general practice for decreasing surgical complications in the COVID-19 pandemic period. Additionally complicated acute appendicitis accounts for 20 to 30% of the patients undergoing appendectomy and lead to increased risk of postoperative complications, delayed recovery and longer hospital stay. Therefore, early diagnosis of complicated acute appendicitis is important; however, the most appropriate and inexpensive diagnostic method to make this diagnosis has not been established yet. Although the use of imaging methods is widespread, these methods are not accessible in many rural hospitals due to the high costs and unavailability of specialists. Thus, the need for an inexpensive and effective diagnostic technique allowing to make a differential diagnosis has not been met yet. For this purpose, several inexpensive and easily accessible blood parameter tests have been proposed; including the white blood cell count, immature granulocyte (IG) percentage, C-reactive protein levels or the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

An increase in the IG count shows that the bone marrow is active. This parameter has been used as a prognostic factor in many infectious and non infectious diseases including sepsis, acute pancreatitis, and acute myocardial infarction. The Immature granulocyte (IG) fraction includes promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes but not band neutrophils or myeloblasts. The IG count and percentage has become an easy-to-use method, especially with the introduction of technological advances, as it can be easily determined using the results of a routine complete blood count.

It is aimed to efficacy of IG count and percentage which are calculated automatically in CBC samples, to differatiate the complicated and uncomplicated acute appendicitis cases with a cheap, easily applicable and cost effective test, especially in rural areas without enough diagnostic tests in COVID-19 pandemy.

Description:

The data of 146 patients elder than 18 years, who admitted to the Emergency Department and General Surgery outpatient clinic with the complaint of abdominal pain diagnosed with acute appendicitis and who were operated by the same surgical team between June 2018 and June 2019 were evaluated retrospectively after the approval of the local ethics committee. Patients' data were obtained by reviewing the patient follow charts, laboratory findings in the the electronic database of the hospital and epicrisis forms. Totally 76 patients excluded from the study; 22 patients were excluded because of the pathological diagnosis did not confirm acute appendicitis (negative appendectomies and appendiceal mucinous cystadenomas), 54 patients who were operated by the other surgical team were excluded.

The patients were assigned to the complicated acute appendicitis group (Group C) based on the preoperative imaging findings (periappendiceal abscess formation or significant periappendiceal fat tissue contamination in ultrasonography and computed tomography), intraoperative exploration findings (presence of gangrenous appendicitis, perforation or abscess formation), and pathological examination findings (acute phlegmonous appendicitis, acute gangrenous appendicitis or acute perforated appendicitis). The patients were assigned to the uncomplicated acute appendicitis group (Group UC) based on the increased diameter and wall thickness of the appendix and detection of minimal contamination in the surrounding fat tissue in the imaging tests; the presence of edema and the absence of gangrene, perforation or abscess in the the exploratory surgery of appendix, and confirmation of the diagnosis of acute appendicitis by the pathological examination findings [17-20].

The WBC, IG count and IG percentage automatically calculated in the complete blood count (CBC) parameters. WBC count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, and IG% were measured using an automated hematological analyzer (XN 3000; Sysmex Corp., Kobe, Japan) from blood samples obtained at the initial admission to the emergency department . Neutrophyl and Lymphocyte counts were obtained from automatically from the CBC parameters and NLR was calculated manually.

The demographic data (age, sex) of the patients, the white blood cell count (WBC), the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the IG count and percentage were evaluated retrospectively.

Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 software. The student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyzing the quantitive values based on normality of the distrubution calculated with Shapiro Wilk Test. The chi-square test or Fischer's exact test was used for analyzing the categorical data. ROC analysis was used to determeine spesivity and sensitivity of the parameters. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of the parameters. The quantitive data were given mean ± standard deviation (minimum - maximum values) or median (minimum - maximum values). The qualitative values were given number of cases (n) and percentage (%). A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 70
• Est. completion date: June 1, 2019
• Est. primary completion date: June 1, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age >18 years,

• Patients diagnosed as acute appenditicitis cases according to clinical (preoperative and peroperative) and preoperative laboratory findings and imaging modalities (ultrasound, computed tomography), and pathologic results

• Patients who were operated by the same surgical team of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients younger than 18 years,

• Negative appendectomies according to peroperative findings and pathologic findins

• Patients whose data were not available

• Patients who were operated by the other surgical team of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Acute Appendicitis
• Appendicitis

Intervention

Procedure:
• Appendectomy
Open or Laparascopic Surgery

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Turkey	Kahramanmaras Sütçü Imam University	Kahramanmaras

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Turkey, 

References & Publications (20)

Ayres LS, Sgnaolin V, Munhoz TP. Immature granulocytes index as early marker of sepsis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019 Jun;41(3):392-396. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12990. Epub 2019 Feb 26. — View Citation

Collard M, Lakkis Z, Loriau J, Mege D, Sabbagh C, Lefevre JH, Maggiori L. Antibiotics alone as an alternative to appendectomy for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults: Changes in treatment modalities related to the COVID-19 health crisis. J Visc Surg. 2020 Jun;157(3S1):S33-S42. doi: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2020.04.014. Epub 2020 Apr 24. — View Citation

De Simone B, Chouillard E, Di Saverio S, Pagani L, Sartelli M, Biffl WL, Coccolini F, Pieri A, Khan M, Borzellino G, Campanile FC, Ansaloni L, Catena F. Emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: what you need to know for practice. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020 May;102(5):323-332. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2020.0097. Epub 2020 Apr 30. — View Citation

Diaz-Barrientos CZ, Aquino-Gonzalez A, Heredia-Montano M, Navarro-Tovar F, Pineda-Espinosa MA, Espinosa de Santillana IA. The RIPASA score for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: A comparison with the modified Alvarado score. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed). 2018 Apr-Jun;83(2):112-116. doi: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.06.002. Epub 2018 Feb 6. English, Spanish. — View Citation

Gok AFK, Eryilmaz M, Ozmen MM, Alimoglu O, Ertekin C, Kurtoglu MH. Recommendations for Trauma and Emergency General Surgery Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2020 Apr;26(3):335-342. doi: 10.14744/tjtes.2020.79954. — View Citation

Hakkoymaz H, Nazik S, Seyithanoglu M, Guler O, Sahin AR, Cengiz E, Yazar FM. The value of ischemia-modified albumin and oxidative stress markers in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in adults. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Nov;37(11):2097-2101. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.005. Epub 2019 Mar 7. — View Citation

Hogan A. COVID-19 and emergency surgery. Br J Surg. 2020 Jun;107(7):e180. doi: 10.1002/bjs.11640. Epub 2020 Apr 24. No abstract available. — View Citation

Jha P, Espinoza N, Webb E, Kohli M, Poder L, Morgan T. Single institutional experience with initial ultrasound followed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for acute appendicitis in adults. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 Jul;44(7):2357-2365. doi: 10.1007/s00261-019-01998-1. — View Citation

Kelly ME, Murphy E, Bolger JC, Cahill RA. COVID-19 and the treatment of acute appendicitis in Ireland: a new era or short-term pivot? Colorectal Dis. 2020 Jun;22(6):648-649. doi: 10.1111/codi.15141. Epub 2020 May 31. No abstract available. — View Citation

Khan MS, Siddiqui MTH, Shahzad N, Haider A, Chaudhry MBH, Alvi R. Factors Associated with Complicated Appendicitis: View from a Low-middle Income Country. Cureus. 2019 May 28;11(5):e4765. doi: 10.7759/cureus.4765. — View Citation

Kim HY, Park JH, Lee SS, Lee WJ, Ko Y, Andersson RE, Lee KH. CT in Differentiating Complicated From Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Presence of Any of 10 CT Features Versus Radiologists' Gestalt Assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019 Nov;213(5):W218-W227. doi: 10.2214/AJR.19.21331. Epub 2019 Aug 15. — View Citation

Kirkil C, Yigit MV, Aygen E. Long-term results of nonoperative treatment for uncomplicated acute appendicitis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Aug;25(4):393-7. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2014.7192. — View Citation

Park JS, Kim JS, Kim YJ, Kim WY. Utility of the immature granulocyte percentage for diagnosing acute appendicitis among clinically suspected appendicitis in adult. J Clin Lab Anal. 2018 Sep;32(7):e22458. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22458. Epub 2018 Apr 30. — View Citation

Rawolle T, Reismann M, Minderjahn MI, Bassir C, Hauptmann K, Rothe K, Reismann J. Sonographic differentiation of complicated from uncomplicated appendicitis. Br J Radiol. 2019 Jul;92(1099):20190102. doi: 10.1259/bjr.20190102. Epub 2019 May 29. — View Citation

Sauneuf B, Bouffard C, Cornet E, Daubin C, Desmeulles I, Masson R, Seguin A, Valette X, Terzi N, Parienti JJ, du Cheyron D. Immature/total granulocyte ratio: a promising tool to assess the severity and the outcome of post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Resuscitation. 2014 Aug;85(8):1115-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.04.017. Epub 2014 Apr 30. — View Citation

Soh JS, Lim SW. Delta neutrophil index as a prognostic marker in emergent abdominal surgery. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019 Jul;33(6):e22895. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22895. Epub 2019 Apr 15. — View Citation

Unal Y. A new and early marker in the diagnosis of acute complicated appendicitis: immature granulocytes. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2018 Sep;24(5):434-439. doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2018.91661. — View Citation

van der Geest PJ, Mohseni M, Brouwer R, van der Hoven B, Steyerberg EW, Groeneveld AB. Immature granulocytes predict microbial infection and its adverse sequelae in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2014 Aug;29(4):523-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.03.033. Epub 2014 Apr 5. — View Citation

Xu Y, Jeffrey RB, Chang ST, DiMaio MA, Olcott EW. Sonographic Differentiation of Complicated From Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Implications for Antibiotics-First Therapy. J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Feb;36(2):269-277. doi: 10.7863/ultra.16.03109. Epub 2016 Dec 31. — View Citation

Yazar FM, Urfalioglu A, Bakacak M, Boran OF, Bulbuloglu E. Efficacy of the Evaluation of Inflammatory Markers for the Reduction of Negative Appendectomy Rates. Indian J Surg. 2018 Feb;80(1):61-67. doi: 10.1007/s12262-016-1558-y. Epub 2016 Oct 18. — View Citation

* Note: There are 20 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Preoperative IG count of the patients to differentiate complicated and uncomplciated acute appendicitis	Preoperative IG count of the patients to differentiate complicated and uncomplciated acute appendicitis	Preoperative
Primary	Preoperative IG count for selection of medical treatment patients of noncomplicated acute appendicitis	Preoperative IG count of the patients to select medically treatment patients of noncomplicated acute appendicitis	Preoperative
Primary	Preoperative IG percentage of the patients to differentiate complicated and uncomplciated acute appendicitis	Preoperative IG percentage of the patients to differentiate complicated and uncomplciated acute appendicitis	Preoperative
Primary	Preoperative IG percentage for selection of medical treatment patients of noncomplicated acute appendicitis	Preoperative IG percentage of the patients to select medically treatment patients of noncomplicated acute appendicitis	Preoperative