Pulmonary Tuberculosis — Evaluation of PTB Screening in ANC in Lusaka, Zambia
Citation(s)
Ahmed Y, Mwaba P, Chintu C, Grange JM, Ustianowski A, Zumla A A study of maternal mortality at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: the emergence of tuberculosis as a major non-obstetric cause of maternal death. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999 Aug;3(8):675-80.
Amita Gupta, N G., Sandesh Patil, Pradeep Sambarey, Sandhya Khadse, Anju Kagal, Suvarna Joshi, Arun Jamkar, Robert Bollinger, and the SWEN India Study Group1Johns, Maternal TB is associated with increased risk of HIV mother-to-child transmission, in 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2010: San Francisco, CA. February 16 - 19 2010
Bjerkedal T, Bahna SL, Lehmann EH Course and outcome of pregnancy in women with pulmonary tuberculosis. Scand J Respir Dis. 1975;56(5):245-50.
Black V, Brooke S, Chersich MF Effect of human immunodeficiency virus treatment on maternal mortality at a tertiary center in South Africa: a 5-year audit. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Aug;114(2 Pt 1):292-9. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181af33e6.
Celine R Gounder, M., ScM*, Nikolas Wada, MPH*, Caroline Kensler, MHS*, Avy Violari, MD**, Richard E. Chaisson, MD*, James McIntyre, MBChB, FRCOG***, Neil Martinson, MBChB, MPH*,**, Provider-Initiated Screening for Tuberculosis (TB) among Pregnant Women in Antenatal Clinics in Soweto, South Africa, in 17th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2010: San Francisco, CA. February 16 - 19 2010.
Tripathy SN, Tripathy SN Tuberculosis and pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2003 Mar;80(3):247-53.
WHO Fact Sheet- Women and TB; 2009. 2009 [cited; Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/resource_center/assets/factsheets/womenandtb.pdf
WHO TB Country Profile for Zambia: Surveillance and Epidemiology. 2009 [cited; Available from: http://apps.who.int/globalatlas/predefinedReports/TB/PDF_Files/zmb.pdf
Pilot Evaluation of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Screening in Antenatal Clinics in Lusaka, Zambia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
