Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome — Tibiofemoral Mobilization in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Citation(s)
Briani RV, Pazzinatto MF, De Oliveira Silva D, Azevedo FM Different pain responses to distinct levels of physical activity in women with patellofemoral pain. Braz J Phys Ther. 2017 Mar - Apr;21(2):138-143. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.03.009. Epub 2017 Mar 17.
Crossley KM, van Middelkoop M, Callaghan MJ, Collins NJ, Rathleff MS, Barton CJ 2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 2: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). Br J Sports Med. 2016 Jul;50(14):844-52. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096268. Epub 2016 May 31.
Demirci S, Kinikli GI, Callaghan MJ, Tunay VB Comparison of short-term effects of mobilization with movement and Kinesiotaping on pain, function and balance in patellofemoral pain. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2017 Dec;51(6):442-447. doi: 10.1016/j.aott.2017.09.005. Epub 2017 Oct 17.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
