Obesity — PErirenal Adipose Tissue and RenaL Hemodynamics in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Citation(s)
Huang N, Mao EW, Hou NN, Liu YP, Han F, Sun XD Novel insight into perirenal adipose tissue: A neglected adipose depot linking cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. World J Diabetes. 2020 Apr 15;11(4):115-125. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i4.115. Review.
Jeong S, Park SB, Chang IH, Shin J, Chi BH, Park HJ, Lee ES Estimation of renal function using kidney dynamic contrast material-enhanced CT perfusion: accuracy and feasibility. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2021 May;46(5):2045-2051. doi: 10.1007/s00261-020-02826-7.
Sun X, Han F, Miao W, Hou N, Cao Z, Zhang G Sonographic evaluation of para- and perirenal fat thickness is an independent predictor of early kidney damage in obese patients. Int Urol Nephrol. 2013 Dec;45(6):1589-95. doi: 10.1007/s11255-013-0404-4. Epub 2
PErirenal Adipose Tissue and RenaL Hemodynamics in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
