Obesity, Childhood — Nutritional Intake and Gut Microbiome
Citation(s)
Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Parfrey LW, Knight R The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1258-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035. Review.
Cox AJ, West NP, Cripps AW Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Mar;3(3):207-15. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70134-2. Epub 2014 Jul 22. Review.
Hu HJ, Park SG, Jang HB, Choi MK, Park KH, Kang JH, Park SI, Lee HJ, Cho SH Obesity Alters the Microbial Community Profile in Korean Adolescents. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 31;10(7):e0134333. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134333. eCollection 2015. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138015. Choi, Min-Gyu [corrected to Choi, Min-Kyu].
Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed F, Fulton L, Gordon JI Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Apr 17;3(4):213-23. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.015.
Yoo JY, Kim SS Probiotics and Prebiotics: Present Status and Future Perspectives on Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients. 2016 Mar 18;8(3):173. doi: 10.3390/nu8030173. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
