Low Back Pain — The Investigation of Underlying Mechanism of Lumbar Multifidus Muscle Activation Deficits
Citation(s)
Hodges PW, Danneels L Changes in Structure and Function of the Back Muscles in Low Back Pain: Different Time Points, Observations, and Mechanisms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Jun;49(6):464-476. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.8827.
Masse-Alarie H, Beaulieu LD, Preuss R, Schneider C Corticomotor control of lumbar multifidus muscles is impaired in chronic low back pain: concurrent evidence from ultrasound imaging and double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 2016 Apr;234(4):1033-45. doi: 10.1007/s00221-015-4528-x. Epub 2015 Dec 26.
Masse-Alarie H, Beaulieu LD, Preuss R, Schneider C The side of chronic low back pain matters: evidence from the primary motor cortex excitability and the postural adjustments of multifidi muscles. Exp Brain Res. 2017 Mar;235(3):647-659. doi: 10.1007/s00221-016-4834-y. Epub 2016 Nov 15.
Patricio P, Roy JS, Macedo L, Roy M, Leonard G, Hodges P, Masse-Alarie H Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation alone and in combination with motor control exercise for the treatment of individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain (ExTraStim trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Mar 24;11(3):e045504. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045504.
Songjaroen S, Sungnak P, Piriyaprasarth P, Wang HK, Laskin JJ, Wattananon P Combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation with motor control exercise can improve lumbar multifidus activation in individuals with recurrent low back pain. Sci Rep. 2021 Jul 20;11(1):14815. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94402-2.
Tsao H, Danneels LA, Hodges PW ISSLS prize winner: Smudging the motor brain in young adults with recurrent low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Oct 1;36(21):1721-7. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31821c4267.
van Dieen JH, Reeves NP, Kawchuk G, van Dillen LR, Hodges PW Motor Control Changes in Low Back Pain: Divergence in Presentations and Mechanisms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2019 Jun;49(6):370-379. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2019.7917. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
Wallwork TL, Stanton WR, Freke M, Hides JA The effect of chronic low back pain on size and contraction of the lumbar multifidus muscle. Man Ther. 2009 Oct;14(5):496-500. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2008.09.006. Epub 2008 Nov 21.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
