Hypercholesterolemia — Replacement of Saturated Fat in Dairy on Total Cholesterol
Citation(s)
Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Givens DI, Gallacher JE The consumption of milk and dairy foods and the incidence of vascular disease and diabetes: an overview of the evidence. Lipids. 2010 Oct;45(10):925-39. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3412-5. Epub 2010 Apr 16. Review.
Livingstone KM, Lovegrove JA, Givens DI The impact of substituting SFA in dairy products with MUFA or PUFA on CVD risk: evidence from human intervention studies. Nutr Res Rev. 2012 Dec;25(2):193-206. doi: 10.1017/S095442241200011X. Epub 2012 Aug 6. Review.
Replacement of Saturated Fat in Dairy on Total Cholesterol, Vascular Function, Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
