HIV — Increasing Availability and Acceptability of Circumcision in Zambia
Citation(s)
Cook R, Jones D, Redding CA, Zulu R, Chitalu N, Weiss SM Female Partner Acceptance as a Predictor of Men's Readiness to Undergo Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Zambia: The Spear and Shield Project. AIDS Behav. 2016 Nov;20(11):2503-2513.
Jones D, Weiss S, Chitalu N HIV Prevention in Resource Limited Settings: A Case Study of Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation. Int J Behav Med. 2015 Jun;22(3):384-92. doi: 10.1007/s12529-014-9397-3.
Jones DL, Lopez M, Simons H, Diaz-Gloster M, Tobin JN, Weiss SM Translation of a comprehensive health behavior intervention for women living with HIV: the SMART/EST Women's Program. Transl Behav Med. 2013 Dec;3(4):416-25. doi: 10.1007/s13142-013-0213-4.
Redding CA, Jones D, Zulu R, Chitalu N, Cook R, Weiss SM Stages of Change for Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision and Sexual Risk Behavior in Uncircumcised Zambian Men: The Spear and Shield Project. Int J Behav Med. 2015 Dec;22(6):799-806. doi: 10.1007/s12529-015-9485-z.
Weiss SM, Zulu R, Jones DL, Redding CA, Cook R, Chitalu N The Spear and Shield intervention to increase the availability and acceptability of voluntary medical male circumcision in Zambia: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2015 May;2(5):e181-9.
Increasing Availability and Acceptability of Circumcision in Zambia
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
