Charra B Fluid balance, dry weight, and blood pressure in dialysis. Hemodial Int. 2007 Jan;11(1):21-31. Review.
Dou Y, Cheng X, Liu L, Bai X, Wu L, Guo W, Zhao X, Wang F, Cao L, Zuo L Development and validation of a new dry weight estimation method using single frequency bioimpedance in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif. 2011;32(4):278-85. doi: 10.1159/000330337. Epub 2011 Aug 26. Erratum in: Blood Purif. 2015;39(1-3):258.
John AS, Tuerff SD, Kerstein MD Nonocclusive mesenteric infarction in hemodialysis patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2000 Jan;190(1):84-8.
Kraemer M A new model for the determination of fluid status and body composition from bioimpedance measurements. Physiol Meas. 2006 Sep;27(9):901-19. Epub 2006 Jul 24.
Lintsi M, Kaarma H, Kull I Comparison of hand-to-hand bioimpedance and anthropometry equations versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat percentage in 17-18-year-old conscripts. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2004 Mar;24(2):85-90.
Shoji T, Tsubakihara Y, Fujii M, Imai E Hemodialysis-associated hypotension as an independent risk factor for two-year mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2004 Sep;66(3):1212-20.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
