Diabetic Retinopathy — Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Citation(s)
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Elmassry A, Ahmed ISH, Adly N, Torki M Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes in Alexandria and North-West Delta, Egypt. Int Ophthalmol. 2023 Aug;43(8):2883-2895. doi: 10.1007/s10792-023-02692-4. Epub 2023 Mar 24.
Sabanayagam C, Yip W, Ting DS, Tan G, Wong TY Ten Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016 Aug;23(4):209-22. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2016.1193618. Epub 2016 Jun 29.
Thomas RL, Halim S, Gurudas S, Sivaprasad S, Owens DR IDF Diabetes Atlas: A review of studies utilising retinal photography on the global prevalence of diabetes related retinopathy between 2015 and 2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Nov;157:107840. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107840. Epub 2019 Nov 14.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.