Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT Anticipatory blood pressure response to exercise predicts future high blood pressure in middle-aged men. Hypertension. 1996 May;27(5):1059-64.
Everson SA, Maty SC, Lynch JW, Kaplan GA Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. J Psychosom Res. 2002 Oct;53(4):891-5. Review.
Kauhanen J, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen JT Beer binging and mortality: results from the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study, a prospective population based study. BMJ. 1997 Oct 4;315(7112):846-51.
Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Niskanen LK, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT, Lakka TA Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Dec 1;156(11):1070-7.
Lakka HM, Oksanen L, Tuomainen TP, Kontula K, Salonen JT The common pentanucleotide polymorphism of the 3'-untranslated region of the leptin receptor gene is associated with serum insulin levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes in non-diabetic men: a prospective case-control study. J Intern Med. 2000 Jul;248(1):77-83.
Laukkanen JA, Kurl S, Salonen R, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT The predictive value of cardiorespiratory fitness for cardiovascular events in men with various risk profiles: a prospective population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2004 Aug;25(16):1428-37.
Lynch J, Krause N, Kaplan GA, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT Workplace conditions, socioeconomic status, and the risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction: the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Public Health. 1997 Apr;87(4):617-22.
Lynch JW, Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Salonen R, Salonen JT Does low socioeconomic status potentiate the effects of heightened cardiovascular responses to stress on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis? Am J Public Health. 1998 Mar;88(3):389-94.
Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT Do cardiovascular risk factors explain the relation between socioeconomic status, risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and acute myocardial infarction? Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Nov 15;144(10):934-42.
Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Soc Sci Med. 1997 Mar;44(6):809-19.
Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Lakka TA, Salonen R, Kaplan GA Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland. Atherosclerosis. 2000 Feb;148(2):265-73.
Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Kontula K Role of C282Y mutation in haemochromatosis gene in development of type 2 diabetes in healthy men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2000 Jun 24;320(7251):1706-7.
Tuomainen TP, Kontula K, Nyyssönen K, Lakka TA, Heliö T, Salonen JT Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction in carriers of the hemochromatosis gene Cys282Tyr mutation : a prospective cohort study in men in eastern Finland. Circulation. 1999 Sep 21;100(12):1274-9.
Vanharanta M, Voutilainen S, Rissanen TH, Adlercreutz H, Salonen JT Risk of cardiovascular disease-related and all-cause death according to serum concentrations of enterolactone: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 May 12;163(9):1099-104.
Wilson TW, Cohen RD, Lachenbruch PA, Wu M, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT Is the relationship between supine blood pressure and postural changes in blood pressure artefactual? Results from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. J Hypertens. 1995 Apr;13(4):421-6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.