Breast Cancer — Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients: Cognitive Toxicity on Survivorship (ACTS)
Citation(s)
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Chan A, Yo TE, Wang XJ, Ng T, Chae JW, Yeo HL, Shwe M, Gan YX Minimal Clinically Important Difference of the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory-Short Form (MFSI-SF) for Fatigue Worsening in Asian Breast Cancer Patients. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Mar;55(3):992-997.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.10.014. Epub 2017 Oct 31.
Cheung YT, Lim SR, Ho HK, Chan A Cytokines as mediators of chemotherapy-associated cognitive changes: current evidence, limitations and directions for future research. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 5;8(12):e81234. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081234. eCollection 2013. Review.
Cheung YT, Shwe M, Tan YP, Fan G, Ng R, Chan A Cognitive changes in multiethnic Asian breast cancer patients: a focus group study. Ann Oncol. 2012 Oct;23(10):2547-2552. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds029. Epub 2012 Mar 6.
Sender L, Zabokrtsky KB Adolescent and young adult patients with cancer: a milieu of unique features. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug;12(8):465-80. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.92. Epub 2015 May 26. Review.
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Wefel JS, Vardy J, Ahles T, Schagen SB International Cognition and Cancer Task Force recommendations to harmonise studies of cognitive function in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2011 Jul;12(7):703-8. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70294-1. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
