Stroke Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Heel Raises on Central Blood Pressures, Arterial Compliance and Cerebral and Peripheral Oxygen Perfusion After Stroke
Physical inactivity and increased sedentary time are linked to increased blood pressure and
may cause decreases in peripheral and cerebral oxygen perfusion in stroke survivors.
Nonetheless, stroke survivors are significantly less active than their healthy counterparts
due to physical incapability or a lack of confidence in physical capability. This study will
determine whether a simple and non-demanding movement such as repeated heel raises are able
to cause acute and chronic decreases in peripheral and central blood pressure and increases
in oxygen perfusion and cognitive performance.
Thirty participants will be recruited to this study. All will take part in four sessions. One
familiarisation session will acclimatise participants to the equipment used involving central
and peripheral blood pressures, pulse wave velocity, arterial stiffness, maximal voluntary
contractions of the medial gastrocnemius and Stroop tasks.. Two experimental sessions will
take place involving extended sedentary time (one involving uninterrupted sedentary time and
one including ten heel raises every ten minutes). A control condition of 15 participants will
then be tested ten weeks post-. The experimental condition of 15 participants will undergo a
ten-week heel raise prescribed programme before having peripheral and central blood pressure,
pulse wave velocity, arterial stiffness, peripheral and cerebral oxygen perfusion, cognitive
performance and maximal voluntary contraction of the medial gastrocnemius assessed after
their programme.
After stroke, individuals are more sedentary than their healthy counterparts, with
significantly more daily seated time and significantly fewer daily steps with activity levels
impaired both immediately post- event and 6 months into recovery. Physical inactivity and
increased sedentary time are linked to increased blood pressure; a cause of both incident and
recurrent stroke. After stroke, victims suffer from a wide range of complications in terms of
physical and cognitive abilities. Hypertension reduces cognitive performance in healthy and
clinical populations, and stroke patients are frequently unable (for either physical or
psychological reasons) to be physically active enough to reduce blood pressure and maximise
cognitive improvements.
Prolonged seated time may also lead to reduced cerebral and peripheral oxygen perfusion. Heel
raises may have the potential to improve these parameters without being too physically
demanding on a clinical population. This study will investigate whether prescribed heel
raises can have an acute and/or chronic effect on peripheral and central blood pressures,
measures of central systolic loading, peripheral and cerebral oxygen perfusion and cognitive
performance.
This study will recruit thirty chronic stroke sufferers from a local stroke groups. Visit
will take place in the morning in a fasted state.
In the first visit, participants will undertake five stroop familiarisation tests. Stroop
tests allow assessment of cognitive function. Demographic measures will be taken and baseline
pulse wave analysis (PWA [SphygmoCor XCEL]) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) measures will be
recorded. Heel raises will be demonstrated to the participants and displayed in a diagram.
Participants will practice this movement before maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) will be
measured using electromyography.
On each of the second two visits, participants will rest in a seated position for 20 minutes
before having PWA, PWV and near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) measured at baseline to provide
both peripheral and central blood pressures, arterial stiffness, cerebral and peripheral
oxygen perfusion. Participants will then either undergo a 180 minute seated protocol or a 180
minute calf raising protocol (10 calf raises per 10 minutes) After 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150
and 170 minutes in both protocols, PWA, PWV and Stroop test results will be recorded. EMG
will record muscle activation of the affected medial gastrocnemius during heel raises after
each 30 minutes. NIRS will continuously record throughout the data collection process.
Participants will watch a calming TV show (e.g. a David Attenborough documentary) to pass
time without raising blood pressure. Statistical analysis will determine whether the heel
raises caused acute alterations in peripheral and central blood pressures, pulse wave
velocity, cerebral and peripheral blood flow, muscle activation and cognitive performance.
The control condition of fifteen participants will then return after ten weeks and undertake
a duplicate of session 1. An experimental condition of fifteen participants will undertake a
ten week programme involving prescribed heel raises every day. They will then return after
ten weeks and receive an identical session to their first session, allowing the chronic
effect of prescribed heel raises to be observed.
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